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Related Concept Videos

Intellectual Disability01:29

Intellectual Disability

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Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
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Conduct disorder is a complex mental health diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms, the rights of others, or age-appropriate rules. The diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder require the presence of at least three problematic behaviors within the past 12 months, with at least one occurring in the past six months. These behaviors are grouped into four categories: aggression toward people and animals; destruction of property;...
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Updated: Jan 14, 2026

A Robust Polymerase Chain Reaction-based Assay for Quantifying Cytosine-guanine-guanine Trinucleotide Repeats in Fragile X Mental Retardation-1 Gene
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Relationship Between Intellectual Disability and Behavioral Comorbidity in Children With Fragile X Syndrome.

Walter E Kaufmann1, Paul S Horn2, Dejan B Budimirovic3

  • 1Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. walter.e.kaufmann@emory.edu.

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
|October 23, 2025
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Summary

Intellectual disability severity in Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is linked to specific behavioral issues like irritability, aggression, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Understanding these Fragile X syndrome (FXS) and intellectual disability (ID) links aids management.

Keywords:
Autism symptomatologyFragile x syndromeIntellectual disabilityMaladaptive behaviorSubtypes

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Area of Science:

  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Genetics and Genomics
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is characterized by diverse cognitive and neurobehavioral challenges.
  • Previous research identified distinct behavioral subtypes in children with FXS.
  • A link was suggested between intellectual disability (ID) severity and co-occurring behavioral conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To further investigate the associations between intellectual disability (ID) levels and behavioral comorbidities in individuals with Fragile X syndrome (FXS).
  • To build upon prior latent class analysis (LCA) findings regarding FXS behavioral subtypes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a large dataset from the FORWARD pediatric natural history study (1,072 males, 338 females).
  • Utilized statistical techniques including chi-square analyses, polyserial correlations, regression analyses, and latent class analysis (LCA).

Main Results:

  • The frequency of irritability/agitation, aggression, self-injury (IAAS), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and hypersensitivity are significantly associated with ID level in FXS.
  • Perseverative behavior (OCD-like) also shows a relationship with ID level, though to a lesser extent.
  • Correlations between ID levels and scales measuring these behavioral comorbidities supported the findings, with the exception of IAAS.

Conclusions:

  • The identified associations between ID and behavioral comorbidities in FXS can inform clinical practice.
  • These findings may aid in the identification and management of challenging behaviors in individuals with FXS and other ID-associated disorders.