Effect of visual range on producer responses: Insights from humans (Homo sapiens) and an agent-based model

The Producer-Scrounger game proposes that individuals in social foraging situations tend to choose one of two strategies: (a) actively invest effort in searching for resources (producing) or (b) exploit resources discovered by others (scrounging). Models have typically given scroungers an advantage. In Vickery et al.'s (1991) model, remaining food in a patch is equally shared among scroungers regardless of their position or visual range. Similarly, agent-based models assume scroungers have a comprehensive view of the habitat, enabling them to detect all opportunities to exploit resources, while producers move randomly. This study examined the effect of visual range on producer-scrounger dynamics using a computerized behavioral task where four human participants interacted in real time within a virtual habitat. Two groups, differing in food probability (λ80 and λ20), were exposed to four experimental conditions that varied visual range by manipulating the top-down camera angle (45° or 75°) and camera distance (240 or 80 px). Results showed that the producer index was higher when the probability of finding resources increased, and highest in the 75°-240 px condition, where participants had limited depth of view but could better perceive their immediate surroundings. A modified agent-based model that included visual range parameters revealed a similar pattern. These findings highlight the importance of visual range, often underestimated in theoretical models, for producer strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).