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Invasion impacts in terrestrial ecosystems: Global patterns and predictors.

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Biological invasions negatively impact native plant diversity and increase greenhouse gas emissions. Longer invader presence intensifies these effects, though impacts on soil properties may decrease over time.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Biological invasions are a major driver of global environmental change.
  • Impacts of invasive species on ecosystems are highly variable.
  • Understanding these impacts is crucial for conservation and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize global evidence on the impacts of biological invasions in terrestrial ecosystems.
  • To identify key factors, such as invader residence time, that modulate invasion impacts.
  • To assess the consistency and persistence of invasion impacts on ecosystem properties.

Main Methods:

  • Global meta-analysis of 775 studies and 2223 effect sizes.
  • Analysis of impacts on native plant diversity and greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Investigation of the role of invader residence time and other ecological factors.

Main Results:

  • Invasive plants consistently reduce native plant diversity.
  • Invasive plants and animals increase greenhouse gas emissions, though publication bias is noted.
  • Longer invader residence time amplifies negative effects on native diversity but weakens impacts on soil properties over time.

Conclusions:

  • Native plant diversity is persistently sensitive to biological invasions.
  • Invasion impacts on ecosystem properties can change over time, with varying sensitivity.
  • Further research is needed to address potential biases in understanding greenhouse gas emissions from invasions.