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The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...
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Archaea, one of the three domains of life, exhibit remarkable diversity and adaptability, thriving in both extreme and moderate environments. Historically, most identified archaea have been classified into two major phyla: Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. However, recent molecular studies have expanded this classification to include three additional phyla: Thaumarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, and Korarchaeota, each exhibiting unique characteristics and ecological roles.Thaumarchaeota: Mesophiles...
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Changes in the environment of the early Earth drove the evolution of organisms. As prokaryotic organisms in the oceans began to photosynthesize, they produced oxygen. Eventually, oxygen saturated the oceans and entered the air, resulting in an increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, known as the oxygen revolution approximately 2.3 billion years ago. Therefore, organisms that could use oxygen for cellular respiration had an advantage. More than 1.5 years ago, eukaryotic cells and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Using Archival Japanese Paper and Thermoplastic Resins to Prepare Fossils for Storage, Display, Transport, and Radiography
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Using Archival Japanese Paper and Thermoplastic Resins to Prepare Fossils for Storage, Display, Transport, and Radiography

Published on: November 14, 2025

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Dinosaur diversity before the asteroid.

Lindsay Zanno1,2

  • 1North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dinosaur diversity before the extinction event was likely higher than previously thought. New evidence suggests a more robust ecosystem existed, challenging earlier extinction theories.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleontology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Climate Science

Background:

  • The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) extinction event marks a significant biodiversity crisis.
  • Previous studies suggested low dinosaur diversity preceding the K-Pg event.
  • This hypothesis implied environmental stress contributed to extinction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate dinosaur diversity estimates before the K-Pg extinction.
  • To investigate the impact of environmental changes on dinosaur populations.
  • To test the hypothesis of low pre-extinction dinosaur diversity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of fossil records from multiple continents.
  • Paleontological data compilation and statistical modeling.
  • Geochemical analysis of sedimentary layers for environmental reconstruction.

Main Results:

  • Fossil data indicates a higher diversity of dinosaur species than previously reported.
  • No significant decline in dinosaur diversity was observed leading up to the K-Pg boundary.
  • Environmental conditions showed fluctuations but not a consistent pattern of severe stress.

Conclusions:

  • The evidence for low dinosaur diversity before the K-Pg extinction is weakening.
  • Dinosaur faunas were more resilient and diverse than previously assumed.
  • Extinction dynamics may be more complex than a simple diversity-decline model.