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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
648
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

677
Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
677
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

595
Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Comparative Analysis of Human Growth Hormone in Serum Using SPRi, Nano-SPRi and ELISA Assays
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Comparative Analysis of Human Growth Hormone in Serum Using SPRi, Nano-SPRi and ELISA Assays

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Long-acting Growth Hormone Preparations.

Kevin C J Yuen1, Margaret C S Boguszewski2

  • 1Department of Neuroendocrinology, Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Neurology, Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Creighton University School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|October 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Once-weekly long-acting growth hormone (LAGH) is as effective and safe as daily injections for growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in children and adults. LAGH may improve adherence and quality of life, requiring further long-term studies.

Keywords:
AdultsChildrenGrowth hormone deficiencyLong-acting growth hormoneTreatment adherence

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) affects both children and adults.
  • Daily recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) injections are the standard treatment.
  • Long-acting growth hormone (LAGH) preparations offer a novel therapeutic approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of once-weekly LAGH compared to daily rhGH.
  • To assess the potential benefits of LAGH on patient adherence and quality of life.
  • To guide clinical practice regarding LAGH initiation and management.

Main Methods:

  • Noninferiority trials comparing LAGH to daily rhGH.
  • Assessment of growth velocity and body composition.
  • Evaluation of short-term safety profiles.

Main Results:

  • Once-weekly LAGH demonstrated noninferiority to daily rhGH in increasing growth velocity.
  • Improved body composition was observed with LAGH therapy.
  • Short-term safety profiles were comparable between LAGH and daily rhGH.

Conclusions:

  • Once-weekly LAGH is a viable alternative to daily rhGH for treating GHD in children and adults.
  • LAGH holds promise for improving patient adherence, quality of life, and clinical outcomes.
  • Long-term studies are essential to confirm sustained efficacy, safety, adherence, and cost-effectiveness.