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Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
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Hypophysitis Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Andrea Corsello1, Rosa Maria Paragliola2, Francesco Torino3

  • 1Centro di Eccellenza Malattie Gastrointestinali e Endocrino-Metaboliche, Unità di Chirurgia Endocrina, Ospedale Isola Tiberina - Gemelli Isola, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|October 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can cause hypophysitis, an endocrine side effect. Diagnosis is clinical, and treatment involves hormone replacement, not immunotherapy cessation.

Keywords:
CTLA-4HypophysitisHypopituitarismImmune checkpoint inhibitorsPD-1PD-L1

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are crucial in cancer therapy.
  • ICIs can trigger immune-related adverse events (irAEs).
  • ICI-related hypophysitis (IRH) is a significant endocrine irAE, often linked to anti-CTLA-4 therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the clinical presentation and management of ICI-related hypophysitis.
  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges and treatment strategies for IRH.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical diagnosis based on patient presentation.
  • Assessment of pituitary hormone function.
  • Hormone replacement therapy.

Main Results:

  • IRH commonly presents as central adrenal insufficiency.
  • Other pituitary hormone deficits may coexist.
  • Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation due to lack of specific markers.

Conclusions:

  • ICI-related hypophysitis requires clinical diagnosis.
  • Management involves hormone replacement therapy.
  • Discontinuation of immunotherapy and high-dose glucocorticoids are typically unnecessary.