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Related Concept Videos

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions01:17

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions

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The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
Externally, the cerebellum features a highly convoluted surface with numerous folia (narrow ridges) separated by shallow sulci (grooves). The cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres by a thin median structure known as the vermis. The...
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The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum
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Cerebellar tDCS Modulates Corticocortical Functional Networks in a Regionally Specific Manner.

Joseph Dust1,2, Laura C Rice1,3, Marissa M Lee1,4

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC 20016.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|October 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Cerebellar stimulation impacts brain networks differently: posterior midline stimulation affects the default mode network, while posterolateral stimulation influences the frontoparietal network, influencing cognitive states.

Keywords:
default modefMRIfrontoparietalfunctional connectivityneuromodulationtDCS

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • The cerebellum, extensively connected to the cerebral cortex, is hypothesized to coordinate cortical communication.
  • Regional cerebellar activity is expected to have network-specific effects on cortical functional connectivity (FC).
  • The precise mechanisms by which cerebellar modulation influences cortical FC remain largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether and how cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) impacts resting-state functional connectivity (FC) within distinct cerebral cortical networks.
  • To determine if modulating specific cerebellar subregions leads to network-specific alterations in cortical FC.

Main Methods:

  • Adult participants (n=33) received 20-minute, 1.5 mA tDCS targeting either the posterior midline or right posterolateral cerebellum.
  • Participants underwent anodal, cathodal, or sham tDCS in separate MRI sessions.
  • Post-tDCS resting-state fMRI data were analyzed using multivariate pattern analysis and seed-based connectivity to assess changes in cortical FC.

Main Results:

  • Posterior midline tDCS modulated FC primarily within the default mode network (DMN).
  • Posterolateral cerebellar tDCS altered FC within the frontoparietal network (FPN).
  • Posterior midline stimulation increased within-DMN FC and decreased inter-network FC (DMN with visual/somatomotor); posterolateral stimulation strengthened frontoparietal/attentional networks and decoupled FPN from DMN/visual networks.

Conclusions:

  • The cerebellum actively modulates corticocortical functional connectivity.
  • Specific cerebellar regions exert distinct influences: the posterior midline targets the DMN, while the posterolateral cerebellum promotes a task-ready cognitive state.
  • These findings offer insights into cerebellar influence on the cortex with potential clinical applications for neurological and psychiatric disorders.