Pathways for Ukraine's post-war nature recovery: Focus on forest socio-ecological systems

Natural ecosystems face significant pressure from climate change, biodiversity loss, and increasing socio-economic and political stressors-all of which are exacerbated by military conflict. This paper focuses on Ukraine and examines the root causes of disturbances in the country's forest socio-ecological systems (SES), as well as the impacts of the ongoing war, to identify recovery pathways. Using a multi-method approach, we assess factors affecting Ukraine's forest SES and identify three key recovery pathways: (1) an economic focus through forest use for low-carbon recovery, including timber for reconstruction and small-scale energy production; (2) a "close-to-nature and close-to-people" approach, leveraging digital tools and innovations for climate-resilient recovery; and (3) anticipatory governance and socio-ecological innovation. Relying on a single pathway risks long-term vulnerability. We highlight that integrating recovery pathways creates synergies. Coordinated actions within Ukraine and from international actors are essential to enable a recovery aligned with "build back better" principles. Our findings offer valuable insights for Ukraine and other conflict-affected regions.