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Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Measuring Connectivity in the Primary Visual Pathway in Human Albinism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography

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Brain functional network topology and connectivity in primary blepharospasm.

Xin-Xin Yao¹, Hua-Liang Li², Shu Wang¹

¹Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital 6 of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, China.

Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience

|October 24, 2025

Summary

Primary blepharospasm (BSP) involves disrupted brain networks, affecting local processing and key brain regions. These network changes may indicate disease progression and inform new therapies.

Keywords:

blepharospasm functional connectivity graph theory network topology resting-state fMRI

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Systems Neuroscience
Clinical Neurology

Background:

Primary blepharospasm (BSP) pathophysiology is not fully understood.
Characterizing whole-brain functional network topology in treatment-naive BSP patients is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whole-brain functional network topology in treatment-naive primary blepharospasm (BSP) patients.
To identify alterations in functional connectivity (FC) and network metrics associated with BSP.

Main Methods:

Resting-state fMRI was used in 39 BSP patients and 39 healthy controls (HCs).
Graph theoretical analysis assessed global and nodal network metrics.
Network-Based Statistics (NBS) identified subnetworks with altered FC and correlations with clinical variables (JRS, illness duration).

Main Results:

BSP patients showed significantly lower local efficiency compared to HCs.
Nodal analysis revealed altered efficiency/degree in the thalamus, supplementary motor area, precentral gyri, postcentral gyrus, and insula.
Altered FC subnetworks were identified across sensorimotor, limbic-subcortical, frontoparietal, and default mode networks; left thalamic efficiency correlated with illness duration, and right precentral gyrus efficiency correlated with JRS score.

Conclusions:

Primary blepharospasm (BSP) is characterized by complex functional network disruptions, including impaired local processing and altered nodal function.
These network alterations support BSP as a network disorder and may serve as objective markers for disease progression.
Identified network changes could guide the development of targeted neuromodulation therapies for BSP.