Effects of a Multicomponent Periodized Program in Kinematic and Muscle Activity Characteristics Related to Anterior...

Background: Given the persistent sex-based disparities in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevalence and the heightened susceptibility observed during critical stages of development in female academy-level players, it is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of prevention programs, particularly during change of direction (COD). Objectives: This study aims to evaluate whether a multicomponent periodized program modifies three-dimensional knee angular velocity and hamstrings and quadriceps muscle activity during a COD task in under-16 female football players. A secondary objective was to determine whether adaptations differed based on lower limb dominance. Methods: A non-randomized, multicenter controlled trial with a pre-post design was conducted involving 35 players (age: 15.50 ± 1.22), allocated to either an intervention (n = 17) or control (n = 18) group. The intervention group undertook a 12-week multicomponent periodized program within their usual training program whilst the control group undertook their usual training program. The peak and range of thigh and shank angular velocity across three planes, along with the average rectified and peak envelope EMG signals of the Biceps Femoris (BF), Semitendinosus (ST), Vastus Medialis (VM) and Vastus Lateralis (VL), were recorded during the preparation and load phases, using the Change of Direction and Acceleration Test. Three-factor mixed model ANOVAs and non-parametric tests were applied, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Post-intervention analysis revealed significant improvements in sagittal and coronal planes shank angular velocities and thigh coronal and transverse plane angular velocities. Muscle activity patterns also improved, particularly in the ST and VM, suggesting enhanced medial stabilization and neuromuscular control. Functional improvements were most evident in the dominant limb. Conclusions: The 12-week multicomponent periodized program effectively modified three-dimensional knee kinematics and muscle activity during a COD task in under-16 female football players.