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Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
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Hamstring Strength and Architectural Properties Are Associated with Running Biomechanics.

Nicholas Ripley1, Christopher Bramah1,2, Paul Comfort1,3

  • 1School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK.

Muscles (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Running mechanics and hamstring muscle properties interact to influence hamstring strain injury (HSI) risk. This study found significant relationships between running kinematics, muscle activation, and HSI risk factors.

Keywords:
bicep femoriseccentric strengthfascicle lengthhamstring strain injuriesspatiotemporal

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Hamstring strain injury (HSI) is common in athletes, influenced by muscular strain and capacity.
  • Modifiable risk factors for HSI are often assessed, but their interaction remains under-explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between running spatiotemporal characteristics, kinematics, muscle activation, and modifiable risk factors of HSI.
  • To explore the complex interplay between running mechanics and hamstring muscle properties in relation to HSI.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-two competitive team sport athletes underwent assessments of Bicep femoris long head (BFLH) fascicle length (ultrasound) and eccentric hamstring strength (isokinetic).
  • Running assessments at 18 km/h captured spatiotemporal data, running kinematics, and muscle activation.
  • Multiple linear regressions analyzed the relationship between running variables and HSI risk factors.

Main Results:

  • Running kinematics and muscle activation were significantly related to modifiable risk factors for HSI.
  • The overall regression models were statistically significant for both relative eccentric hamstring strength and BFLH fascicle length.
  • Spatiotemporal characteristics, running kinematics, and hamstring activation are demonstrably linked to HSI risk factors.

Conclusions:

  • A complex interrelationship exists between running mechanics and hamstring muscle properties.
  • These factors may act as either a cause or consequence in the development of HSI.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for HSI prevention strategies.