Trends in psychological distress: analysis of NZ health survey data (2011-2023)

Globally, mental health problems are increasing, particularly among youth, women, Indigenous populations, and those facing socioeconomic disadvantage. Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) mirrors these trends, raising concerns about the capacity of primary care to respond.

This study aimed to analyse psychological distress trends in NZ from 2011 to 2023 and assess implications for primary health care.

Data from the New Zealand Health Survey were used, focusing on Kessler 10 scores ≥12, classified as high or very high psychological distress. Results were stratified by age, gender, ethnicity, and deprivation.

Overall rates of distress rose significantly. Among females aged 15-24 years, distress increased from 6 to 30%. Māori and Pacific peoples showed consistently higher distress rates, with widening disparities. The most socioeconomically deprived groups (Quintile 5) had the highest distress levels in all years of study data.

The findings highlight an escalating mental health burden managed predominantly in primary care. Workforce shortages, limited continuity of care, and structural inequities restrict the sector's ability to respond. Urgent investment in culturally responsive, integrated, and equitable mental health services is required.