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Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...

Chronopharmacokinetics: Circadian Rhythms and Influence on Drug Response

Chronopharmacokinetics: Circadian Rhythms and Influence on Drug Response

Circadian rhythms are cyclic changes that are crucial in plasma drug concentrations. Various standard circadian parameters, including core body temperature, heart rate, and other cardiovascular factors, directly impact disease states and the therapeutic response to drug therapy.
The time of drug administration is an important factor to consider, as it can influence the toxic dose of a drug. For example, a study conducted by Prins et al. in 1997 examined the effects of the timing of...

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...

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Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Exploring climate-conscious pharmacy: considerations for community pharmacists.

Jamie Y Park¹, Sarah Semchism², Claire V Moyana²

¹Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M6, Canada.

The International Journal of Pharmacy Practice

|October 24, 2025

Summary

Community pharmacies can adopt climate-conscious practices by utilizing identified resources for mitigation and adaptation. Pharmacists play a key role in planetary health, with patient-centered approaches enhancing implementation.

Keywords:

community pharmacy drug utilisation medicines management professional practice

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Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

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Published on: June 11, 2012

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Published on: May 30, 2025

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Area of Science:

Environmental Health
Pharmaceutical Sciences
Public Health

Background:

Climate change poses significant risks to healthcare systems and patient care.
Community pharmacies are vital for accessible healthcare and must address climate-related challenges.
Investigating the role of community pharmacies in climate action is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify resources supporting climate-conscious pharmacy practice.
To explore opportunities for integrating climate considerations into community pharmacy operations.

Main Methods:

An environmental scan of resources across international jurisdictions.
Qualitative interviews with key informants in Canada, UK, Ireland, and Norway.
Categorization of resources and feedback on implementation strategies.

Main Results:

115 sources and 12 key informants contributed to the study.
Resources were classified into clinical and operational considerations, covering mitigation and adaptation.
Key informants confirmed resource utility and emphasized patient-centered implementation, despite constraints.

Conclusions:

Actionable strategies for climate-conscious community pharmacy practice have been identified globally.
Pharmacists are already contributing to planetary health through existing practices.
Increased awareness of co-benefits can empower pharmacists in adopting climate-conscious approaches.