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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

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Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
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Exon Recombination02:32

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

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A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Creating and Applying a Reference to Facilitate the Discussion and Classification of Proteins in a Diverse Group
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Creating and Applying a Reference to Facilitate the Discussion and Classification of Proteins in a Diverse Group

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Complement system evolution in Sciaenidae: Insights from c3 and cfh genes.

Xiafang Zhong1, Shenxing Zhu1, Xiao Xie1

  • 1School of Marine Sciences, National Demonstration Center for Experimental (Aquaculture) Education, Ningbo University, 169 South Qixing Road, Ningbo, 315832, PR China.

Fish & Shellfish Immunology
|October 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The fish complement system

Keywords:
Complement component 3Complement factor HGene evolutionInnate immunitySciaenidaeTeleost

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Area of Science:

  • Marine biology
  • Immunology
  • Evolutionary genetics

Background:

  • The complement system is essential for innate immunity in fish, particularly the alternative pathway involving complement component 3 (C3) and complement factor H (CFH).
  • Understanding the evolution of these genes in Sciaenidae fish is crucial for aquaculture disease resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To perform a genome-wide analysis of c3 and cfh genes in six Sciaenidae species.
  • To investigate the evolutionary patterns and selective pressures on c3 and cfh in this fish family.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide analysis of c3 and cfh genes.
  • Comparative genomics and evolutionary analysis.
  • Ka/Ks ratio calculation to assess selective pressure.

Main Results:

  • Complement component 3 (C3) genes expanded significantly in Sciaenidae, with multiple paralogs showing diversification.
  • Complement factor H (CFH) genes remained largely single-copy but fragmented into two segments, differing from other teleosts.
  • C3 evolved under purifying selection, while CFH experienced relaxed selection, suggesting co-evolution.

Conclusions:

  • Sciaenidae exhibit unique evolutionary adaptations in their complement system genes (C3 and CFH).
  • These findings provide insights into fish immune system evolution and potential targets for aquaculture breeding programs.