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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
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Assessing the relationship between gut microbiota and hyperprolactinemia: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian

Teng Qi1, Yujie Hu2, Xiaorui Zhou3

  • 1School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.

Medicine
|October 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study suggests specific gut bacteria may causally influence hyperprolactinemia risk. Further research can explore these gut microbiota connections for potential therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
Mendelian randomizationgenetic epidemiologygut microbiotahyperprolactinemia

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome Research
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetic Epidemiology

Background:

  • The interplay between gut microbiota and hyperprolactinemia is not well understood.
  • Hyperprolactinemia, characterized by elevated prolactin levels, has complex etiologies.
  • Investigating potential causal factors like the gut microbiome is crucial for comprehensive understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential causal relationship between gut microbiota composition and the risk of developing hyperprolactinemia using a Mendelian randomization approach.
  • To identify specific bacterial taxa that may influence hyperprolactinemia incidence.
  • To rule out reverse causation from hyperprolactinemia to gut microbiota.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) design.
  • Utilized genetic variants from a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) for gut microbiota as instrumental variables.
  • Obtained hyperprolactinemia summary statistics from the FinnGen R10 database.
  • Applied inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted-median, and MR-Egger methods for robust analysis.
  • Conducted reverse MR analysis to assess causality in the opposite direction.

Main Results:

  • Identified suggestive causal associations between seven specific gut bacterial traits and hyperprolactinemia risk.
  • These included Family Bacteroidales S24.7 (OR: 0.685), Genus Ruminococcus gauvreauii group (OR: 1.589), Genus Anaerofilum group (OR: 0.686), Genus Eisenbergiella group (OR: 1.333), Genus Erysipelotrichaceae UCG003 group (OR: 0.595), Genus Ruminococcaceae UCG014 group (OR: 1.3986), and Genus Peptococcus group (OR: 0.781).
  • Reverse MR analysis did not reveal significant associations, supporting the primary findings.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides evidence for a potential causal role of specific gut microbiota taxa in the risk of hyperprolactinemia.
  • These findings highlight the gut microbiome as a potential contributing factor to hyperprolactinemia.
  • Further investigation into these gut-brain-axis interactions could offer new insights into hyperprolactinemia pathogenesis and management.