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Protein Folding

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Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to its biological function. Interactions between its constituent amino acids guide protein folding, and hence the protein structure is primarily dependent on its amino acid sequence.
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Combinatorial Synthesis of and High-throughput Protein Release from Polymer Film and Nanoparticle Libraries

Combinatorial Synthesis of and High-throughput Protein Release from Polymer Film and Nanoparticle Libraries

Published on: September 6, 2012

Effect of Particle Synthesis Method on Protein Release and Stability.

Daniela Sanchez¹, Balaji Narasimhan¹

¹Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B, Applied Biomaterials

|October 25, 2025

Summary

Spray drying and flash nanoprecipitation create polyanhydride particles for vaccines. Both methods maintain protein structure and antigenicity, with spray drying showing promise for scalable vaccine production.

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Vaccine Technology
Nanotechnology

Background:

Polyanhydride particles offer advantages for vaccines, including payload encapsulation, tunable release, and broad immunity.
Current vaccine production methods face limitations that novel particle-based systems aim to address.

Purpose of the Study:

Compare flash nanoprecipitation and spray drying for synthesizing protein-loaded polyanhydride particles.
Analyze the structure, release kinetics, and antigenicity of proteins encapsulated using these two methods.
Evaluate the potential of spray drying for scalable, future vaccine manufacturing.

Main Methods:

Synthesized polyanhydride particles using flash nanoprecipitation (lab-scale) and spray drying (scalable).
Encapsulated model (bovine serum albumin) and clinically relevant proteins (SARS-CoV-2 spike, bovine RSV post-F).
Analyzed protein release kinetics, structural integrity (gel electrophoresis, fluorescence spectroscopy), and antigenicity (mouse serum binding).

Main Results:

Both synthesis methods yielded particles with an initial burst release followed by sustained protein release.
The primary and tertiary structures of the encapsulated proteins were preserved across both methods.
The antigenicity of SARS-CoV-2 spike and bovine RSV post-F proteins remained intact after encapsulation and release.

Conclusions:

Flash nanoprecipitation and spray drying are effective methods for creating polyanhydride particles that stabilize encapsulated antigens.
Protein structure and antigenicity are maintained regardless of the synthesis method used.
Spray drying is a viable, scalable method for producing antigen-stabilizing particles for future vaccine applications.