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Related Concept Videos

Shearing Stress01:19

Shearing Stress

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Shearing stress, denoted by the Greek letter tau (τ), is stress caused by forces acting transversely on an object. These forces create internal ones within the entity in the plane where the external forces are applied. The resultant of these internal forces is the shear in the section.
The average shearing stress can be calculated by dividing the shear by the area of the cross-section.
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Couette Flow01:22

Couette Flow

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Couette flow represents the flow of fluid between two parallel plates, with one plate fixed and the other moving with a constant velocity. This configuration allows for a simplified analysis using the Navier-Stokes equations, which govern fluid motion under conditions of viscosity and incompressibility. For Couette flow, the assumptions include a steady, laminar, incompressible flow with a zero-pressure gradient in the flow direction. This flow type is beneficial for understanding shear-driven...
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
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Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates01:17

Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

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Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
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Shearing Strain01:20

Shearing Strain

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The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between the...
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General External Flow Characteristics01:26

General External Flow Characteristics

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The study of external flow is essential for creating structures and objects that interact efficiently and safely with moving fluids, such as air or water. When a body is immersed in a flowing fluid, it experiences two primary forces: drag, which opposes motion along the flow direction, and lift, which acts perpendicular to the flow. The shape, size, and orientation of the object influence these forces.Streamlined and Blunt Bodies in External FlowObjects in fluid flow are classified as...
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Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Ensemble Force Spectroscopy by Shear Forces
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Enhancement to Fusion Reactivity in Sheared Flows.

Henry Fetsch1, Nathaniel J Fisch1

  • 1Princeton University, Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|October 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sheared flow in plasma can more than double fusion reactivity by enhancing energy transfer. This finding is crucial for inertial confinement fusion, potentially lowering energy requirements for ignition.

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma physics
  • Nuclear fusion

Background:

  • Fusion reactivity is critical for energy generation.
  • Sheared flow is a known phenomenon in plasma dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of sheared flow on fusion plasma reactivity.
  • To explore the implications for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) designs.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of unmagnetized plasma with flow gradients.
  • Comparison of reactivity with and without significant flow gradients.

Main Results:

  • Fusion reactivity can be more than doubled in the presence of sheared flow.
  • Flow gradients comparable to ion mean free path are key.
  • Implosion kinetic energy can contribute to fusion burn before thermalization.

Conclusions:

  • Sheared flow significantly enhances fusion reactivity.
  • This effect is highly relevant for optimizing fast-ignition ICF designs.
  • Reduced energy requirements for ignition are possible in smaller volumes.