Biomechanical Adaptations in Foot Characteristics Among Elite Male Weightlifters: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study

BACKGROUND Foot biomechanics significantly influence weightlifting performance and injury prevention. Previous studies have indicated that intensive weightlifting impacts foot structure; however, comprehensive investigations into foot characteristics among weightlifters remain scarce. This study aims to compare the foot arch index (FAI), plantar load distribution (PLD), center of pressure (CoP), and rearfoot posture in 24 elite male weightlifters (77 kg and 85 kg classes) and 32 age- and body mass index-matched healthy men. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 24 elite male weightlifters and 32 healthy controls. The JC Mat optical plantar pressure analyzer was used to assess FAI, PLD, and CoP during static stances, while rearfoot angles were measured through postural alignment analysis. Statistical comparisons were performed using independent samples t test or the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Weightlifters exhibited significantly higher FAI values (P<0.05) and greater rearfoot valgus angles (P<0.01) for both feet, compared with the controls. Their PLD was predominantly concentrated at the medial longitudinal arches (P<0.05), medial heels (P<0.01), and lateral metatarsals (P<0.05), as well as the left medial metatarsals (P<0.05). CoP distribution was symmetrical across both feet. CONCLUSIONS Elite weightlifters in this study developed low-arched pronated foot postures, characterized by medial-dominant PLD patterns and bilateral symmetrical CoP. These biomechanical adaptations may enhance stability and balance during weightlifting, whereas increased rearfoot valgus may predispose athletes to lower limb injuries. Systematic assessment of foot biomechanics is essential for optimizing performance, preventing injuries, and designing weightlifting-specific footwear.