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Cell size is a significant factor impacting cellular design, function, and fitness. There exists some internal coordination by which cells double their masses before division, thus, achieving homeostasis. Coordination between cell growth and proliferation depends on the checkpoints in between cell cycle phases. Loss of coordination or failure in the checkpoint mechanism can drive the cell to uncontrolled growth and loss of cellular function. Like dividing cells that coordinate cellular growth,...
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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
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The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
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Bmp9 modulates cell proliferation and intercellular junctions in HERS during tooth root development.

Chang Liu1,2, Hongyan Yuan1,2, Jindie Huang1,2

  • 1Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China.

Genes & Diseases
|October 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) is crucial for tooth root development. BMP9 deficiency in mice leads to shorter roots, thinner dentin, and impaired odontoblast function, impacting overall tooth formation.

Keywords:
Bone morphogenetic protein 9DentinogenesisHertwig's epithelial root sheathOdontoblastic differentiationTooth root development

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Tooth root formation involves complex interactions between Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) and mesenchymal cells.
  • Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) is a signaling molecule implicated in growth and differentiation, but its role in dental development is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the specific function of BMP9 signaling in tooth root development, focusing on its effects on HERS and odontoblasts.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a mouse model with Bmp9 knockout (Bmp9-KO) and compared tooth formation with wild-type (WT) littermates.
  • Employed micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and hematoxylin-eosin staining for morphological analysis.
  • Conducted immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR to assess cellular differentiation and gene expression.

Main Results:

  • Bmp9-KO mice displayed significantly shorter mandibular first molar roots, wider apical foramina, and thinner dentin compared to WT mice.
  • BMP9 deficiency impaired odontoblast differentiation and secretory activity.
  • Absence of BMP9 reduced HERS cell proliferation and increased intercellular junctions, affecting root dentin formation and apical closure.

Conclusions:

  • BMP9 signaling is essential for regulating odontoblast function and HERS behavior during tooth root development.
  • BMP9 plays a critical role in determining root size, dentin thickness, and apical foramen closure.
  • Findings provide insights into BMP9's significance in root development and suggest potential for tooth root regeneration strategies.