β‑Caryophyllene and Graphene Oxide: A Novel Approach for Managing Fusarium Wilt in Cyclamen spp

Cyclamen (Cyclamen spp.) is a widely cultivated ornamental plant. Among the soil-borne pathogens affecting cyclamen, Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis, is one of the most significant phytosanitary challenges. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential of graphene oxide and β-caryophyllene, separately and in combination, applied either by spraying or through endotherapy (bulb injection), to control Fusarium wilt in cyclamen. The combined application of these antifungal agents proved more effective, resulting in 40-60% mortality of infected plants, compared to 100% mortality in the untreated control group. A sorption study of fusaric acid on graphene oxide was also conducted to better understand its antifungal activity, along with an ecotoxicological assessment of β-caryophyllene to evaluate its environmental safety. Overall, the strong synergistic effect between graphene oxide and β-caryophyllene against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis highlights their potential use in plant protection and supports the advancement of sustainable agricultural practices.