Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Surveys02:16

Surveys

14.3K
Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
14.3K
Group Design02:01

Group Design

9.3K
The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between...
9.3K
Data Collection by Experiments01:13

Data Collection by Experiments

24.5K
Data collection is a systematic method of obtaining, observing, measuring, and analyzing accurate information. An experimental study is a standard method of data collection that involves the manipulation of the samples by applying some form of treatment prior to data collection. It refers to manipulating one variable to determine its changes on another variable. The sample subjected to treatment is known as “experimental units.”
An example of the experimental method is a public...
24.5K
Observational Studies01:11

Observational Studies

8.9K
Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
There are three types of observational studies – Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional.
Prospective Study
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal or cohort studies, are carried out by collecting future data from groups sharing similar characteristics. One...
8.9K
Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

6.3K
The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...
6.3K
Experimental Designs01:16

Experimental Designs

11.3K
An experimental design is a systematic process that allows researchers to evaluate the relationship between dependent and independent variables. There are three widely used types of experimental design - pre-experimental design, true experimental design, and quasi-experimental design. In pre-experimental design, the researcher compares the data before and after some interventions or treatments. The true-experimental design has more than one purposefully created group, a commonly measured...
11.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Beyond hotspots: Estimating population lead exposure from battery recycling.

Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)·2026
Same author

Sexist textbooks: Automated analysis of gender bias in 1,255 books from 34 countries.

PloS one·2024
Same author

Feasibility first: Expanding access before fixing learning.

International journal of educational development·2024
Same author

Improving school management in low and middle income countries: A systematic review.

Economics of education review·2023
Same author

Live tutoring calls did not improve learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone.

Journal of development economics·2023
Same author

The macroeconomics of pandemics around the world: Lives versus livelihoods revisited.

Journal of development economics·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil
06:48

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil

Published on: July 29, 2020

4.4K

Understanding education policy preferences: Survey experiments with policymakers in 35 developing countries.

Lee Crawfurd1, Susannah Hares1, Ana Minardi1

  • 1Center for Global Development, United Kingdom.

World Development
|October 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

National policymakers in low- and middle-income countries often de-prioritize foundational learning, despite its importance. Their views, influenced by educational objectives and beliefs, diverge from international donor agendas.

Keywords:
BureaucracyConjointDiscrete choiceFoundational literacyPolicy preferencesVocational education

More Related Videos

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
10:26

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

3.1K
Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
10:39

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning

Published on: August 29, 2025

1.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 1, 2026

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil
06:48

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil

Published on: July 29, 2020

4.4K
Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
10:26

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

3.1K
Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
10:39

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning

Published on: August 29, 2025

1.3K

Area of Science:

  • Education Policy
  • International Development
  • Learning Outcomes

Background:

  • Global primary school access has increased, yet learning outcomes in many low- and middle-income countries remain suboptimal.
  • International organizations advocate for a policy agenda focused on foundational learning, measured by test scores.
  • The implementation of this agenda relies heavily on national decision-makers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the priorities and perspectives of national education policymakers in low- and middle-income countries regarding foundational learning.
  • To identify factors influencing policymakers' preferences and their alignment with international donor agendas.
  • To assess the impact of evidence on policymakers' beliefs about intervention effectiveness.

Main Methods:

  • A survey of 931 senior government education officials across 35 low- and middle-income countries.
  • Survey experiments designed to test policymakers' valuation of foundational skills and their responses to information.
  • Analysis of variation in preferences based on educational objectives, beliefs about the current state of education, and intervention effectiveness.

Main Results:

  • National policymakers generally place a lower value on initiatives specifically targeting foundational skills.
  • Significant misalignment exists between national policymakers' views and international donor agendas across multiple dimensions.
  • Policymakers' beliefs regarding intervention effectiveness can be influenced by exposure to new evidence.

Conclusions:

  • National priorities in education policy may not align with international calls for a focus on foundational learning.
  • Understanding national policymakers' objectives and beliefs is crucial for effective education reform and international cooperation.
  • Evidence-based policymaking can be fostered by presenting data on intervention effectiveness to national decision-makers.