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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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A Data-Driven Approach for Estimating Type 2 Diabetes-Related Costs in Greece.

Elisavet Nika1, Thomas Tsiampalis2,3, Athanasios Sachlas4

  • 1Department of Business Administration, University of Piraeus, 80 Karaoli & Dimitriou Str., 18534 Piraeus, Greece; sbersim@unipi.gr (S.B.); dgeorg@unipi.gr (D.G.).

Journal of Market Access & Health Policy
|October 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) poses a significant economic challenge in Greece, with costs projected to rise due to an aging population and T2D complications. Effective resource management and prevention strategies are crucial for mitigating this growing healthcare burden.

Keywords:
aging effectbudgets’ optimization strategyhealthcare budgetsmeta-analysistype 2 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Health Economics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevalence is increasing globally due to lifestyle factors and an aging population.
  • T2D presents substantial social and economic consequences, straining healthcare systems.
  • Greece faces a significant challenge in managing the rising costs associated with T2D.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the direct annual costs of T2D in Greece using a novel five-step methodology.
  • To project future T2D-related healthcare expenditures up to 2030.
  • To identify key cost drivers, such as complications and population aging.

Main Methods:

  • A five-step approach was employed, including prevalence estimation, treatment protocol analysis, and cost calculation.
  • ICD10 codes were used to determine T2D prevalence and target populations.
  • Future population data and an inflation rate of 4.2% were incorporated for cost projections.

Main Results:

  • Estimated T2D-related costs in 2021 were approximately EUR 1.4 billion, projected to reach EUR 1.5 billion by 2030.
  • A significant portion (39%) of T2D expenditures is attributed to patient complications.
  • Population aging is identified as a key factor driving the increase in T2D costs.

Conclusions:

  • T2D imposes a considerable economic burden on Greece, exacerbated by complications and an aging demographic.
  • The proposed methodology offers a tool for optimizing healthcare budgets and rationalizing T2D-related expenditures.
  • Urgent implementation of health policies focusing on prevention, early intervention, and efficient resource allocation is recommended.