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Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

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Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...

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Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

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Multimodal, Multiband, and Multiple Anticounterfeiting Devices with Angle-Dependent Structural Color Highly Sensitive

Gang Li^1,2,3,4, Shancheng Wang⁵, Huaxu Liang³

¹Wuhan Institute of Photochemistry and Technology, Wuhan 430083, P. R. China.

Research (Washington, D.C.)

|October 27, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel thermoresponsive magnetic photonic crystal hydrogel film for advanced anticounterfeiting. This material offers multimodal optical properties and temperature-dependent color changes for enhanced security.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Optics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Conventional anticounterfeiting methods face limitations against sophisticated counterfeiting techniques.
Existing devices offer restricted encrypted information and struggle with advanced functionalities.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a simple solution for fabricating an anticounterfeiting device with multimodal, multiband, and multiple optical properties.
To create a device utilizing a thermoresponsive magnetic photonic crystal hydrogel film.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a thermoresponsive magnetic photonic crystal hydrogel film.
In-situ chemical anchoring of the film onto modified glass.
Sealing the device with a gasket and single-sided indium-tin oxide glass.

Main Results:

The device exhibits distinct optical responses (reflection, transmission, emission) across visible to long-wave infrared spectra.
Tunable structural color across the visible spectrum (red to blue) based on temperature.
High sensitivity (11.5 nm/0.1 °C) with stable repeatability in temperature-dependent color changes.

Conclusions:

The developed device offers a promising solution for high-end anticounterfeiting applications.
The multimodal and multiband optical properties enhance security features.
The thermoresponsive nature provides a dynamic and verifiable security element.