Neuro-oscillatory models of cortical speech processing

In this review, we examine computational models that explore the role of neural oscillations in speech perception, spanning from early auditory processing to higher cognitive stages. We focus on models that use rhythmic brain activities, such as gamma, theta, and delta oscillations, to encode phonemes, segment speech into syllables and words, and integrate linguistic elements to infer meaning. We analyze the mechanisms underlying these models, their biological plausibility, and their potential applications in processing and understanding speech in real time, a computational feature that is achieved by the human brain but not yet implemented in speech recognition models. Real-time processing enables dynamic adaptation to incoming speech, allowing systems to handle the rapid and continuous flow of auditory information required for effective communication, interactive applications, and accurate speech recognition in a variety of real-world settings. While significant progress has been made in modeling the neural basis of speech perception, challenges remain, particularly in accounting for the complexity of semantic processing and the integration of contextual influences. Moreover, the high computational demands of biologically realistic models pose practical difficulties for their implementation and analysis. Despite these limitations, these models provide valuable insights into the neural mechanisms of speech perception. We conclude by identifying current limitations, proposing future research directions, and suggesting how these models can be further developed to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of speech processing in the human brain.