Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
12:06

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 11, 2019

13.0K

TET knockout cells transit between pluripotent states and exhibit precocious germline entry

Raphaël Pantier1,2,3, Elisa Barbieri1,2, Sara Gonzalez Brito1,2

  • 1Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, Scotland.

The EMBO Journal
|October 28, 2025
PubMed

Insights

DNA demethylases TET1, TET2, and TET3 (TET proteins) are crucial for cell differentiation. Without TET proteins, mouse embryonic stem cells default to germline fates instead of somatic ones.

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and developmental biology
  • DNA demethylation mechanisms
  • Cell fate determination

Background:

  • TET proteins (TET1, TET2, TET3) are DNA demethylases vital for development.
  • Their precise roles in early cell differentiation and fate decisions remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of TET proteins in mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency and differentiation.
  • To determine the necessity of TET proteins for transitioning between pluripotency states and for somatic versus germline fate commitment.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of single and compound Tet gene knockouts in mouse ESCs.
  • Phenotypic analysis of knockout ESCs, including pluripotency state transitions and differentiation potential.
  • Assessment of gene expression profiles to identify key transcriptional changes.

Main Results:

  • TET proteins are not required for transitions between naïve, formative, and primed pluripotency states.
  • TET1 and TET2 redundantly facilitate somatic differentiation; TET3 is dispensable.
  • TET-deficient ESCs exhibit impaired somatic differentiation but efficiently differentiate into primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs).
  • PGCLC transcriptional program acquisition is accelerated in TET-deficient cells.

Conclusions:

  • TET proteins are essential for directing epiblast cell differentiation towards somatic fates.
  • In the absence of TET proteins, differentiation defaults to the germline pathway.
  • TET proteins function at the critical decision point between somatic and germline cell fates.
Keywords:
DifferentiationPluripotencyPrimordial Germ CellsStem CellsTET Proteins

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