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Spatiotemporal Immune Dynamics in Experimental Retinal Ganglion Cell Injury Models.

Chongqing Yang¹, Xiaoyu Wang^1,2,3, Xihang Ye^1,2,3

¹Department of Ophthalmology of the First Affiliated Hospital and Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.

Immunity, Inflammation and Disease

|October 28, 2025

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This summary is machine-generated.

Immune cells in the visual pathway show distinct spatial and temporal patterns during glaucoma and optic nerve injury. Understanding these dynamics is key to developing targeted therapies for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) protection and vision recovery.

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Immunology
Ophthalmology

Background:

Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage and regeneration are well-studied.
Immune cells in the visual pathway are crucial for injury response and repair.
A comprehensive analysis of immune cell spatiotemporal distribution is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the unique characteristics of immune cells in the visual input pathway.
To focus on spatiotemporal dynamics in the retina, optic nerve head (ONH), and optic nerve.
To examine these dynamics in the context of glaucoma and traumatic optic nerve injury.

Main Methods:

Conducted a comprehensive literature search of PubMed and Web of Science up to April 2025.
Included studies reporting on immune cells in glaucoma or optic nerve crush (ONC) animal models.

Keywords:

axonal injury high intraocular pressure immune cells retinal ganglion cells trauma

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Main Results:

Distinct immune cell compositions (Müller cells, microglia, astrocytes, T cells, oligodendrocytes) exist in different visual pathway regions.
Immune cells in the retina activate rapidly in both glaucoma and traumatic optic nerve injury.
Early injury stages involve adaptive immune cells (T cells, neutrophils); macrophages/microglia play complementary roles; astrocyte activation differs between optic nerve and retina.

Conclusions:

Understanding immune cell spatiotemporal dynamics is crucial for developing targeted therapies.
Therapies should aim to reduce RGC loss, mitigate neurotoxicity, and promote functional recovery.
Targeting specific immune cell subsets offers potential strategies for delaying RGC damage and preventing vision impairment.