Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 13, 2026
Author Spotlight: Investigating Immune Cell Dynamics in the Tumor Microenvironment — Challenges and Innovations in Cancer Prognosis
Published on: April 12, 2024
Integrative multi-omics profiling identifies infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma as an immunotherapy-resistant
Won Suk Lee1, Seonjeong Woo2, Sung Hwan Lee3
1Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.
Background/Aims:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) exhibits substantial morphological and biological heterogeneity. Clinical and molecular relevance of the infiltrative subtype remains poorly defined in the context of cancer immunotherapy. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic impact and molecular features of infiltrative HCC in patients treated with first-line atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (Ate/Bev).
Methods:
We included 307 patients with advanced HCC treated with Ate/Bev and classified them into four gross morphological types based on imaging. Multi-omics profiling was conducted on tumor samples. Type IV infiltrative signature was derived and externally validated using five independent HCC cohorts, including IMbrave150.
Results:
Infiltrative morphology, encompassing pure and mixed forms, was present in 42.7% of advanced HCC and associated with advanced disease features and compromised liver function. Patients with type IV infiltrative HCC showed lowest objective response rate (14.6%) and worst progression-free (median, 2.8 months) and overall survival (median, 7.1 months). Infiltrative morphology remained an independent predictor of poor outcomes after multivariable adjustment for confounders, including intrahepatic tumor extent. Genomic profiling revealed enriched TP53 and ATM loss-of-function mutations in type IV infiltrative HCC. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses identified consistent activation of tumor proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, TGF-β signaling, and immunosuppressive pathways in type IV infiltrative HCC. Type IV infiltrative signature was significantly associated with poor survival across external datasets and retained independent prognostic value.
Conclusions:
Infiltrative HCC is a clinically aggressive and molecularly distinct subtype of advanced HCC. Morphological classification and type IV infiltrative signatures may guide risk stratification and therapeutic decision-making in advanced HCC treated with immunotherapy.
