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Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Smokers Versus Non-smokers: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Junaid Ayaz Khan1, Waniza Ali2, Shalika Gunasekaran3
1Internal Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Medical College, Guangzhou, CHN.
Cureus
|October 28, 2025
Summary
Smoking significantly increases cardiovascular risk in Pakistan. Smokers exhibit higher cardiovascular risk scores compared to non-smokers, highlighting the urgent need for smoking cessation interventions.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading global cause of mortality.
- Smoking is a primary risk factor for CVD development.
- Pakistan has high smoking rates, necessitating research into associated cardiovascular risks.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare cardiovascular risk between smokers and non-smokers in Pakistan.
- To investigate the relationship between smoking habits and cardiovascular risk factors.
- To address a gap in cardiovascular health research within the Pakistani population.
Main Methods:
- A cross-sectional study involving 300 participants in Sialkot, Pakistan.
- Data collected via self-administered questionnaires on demographics, smoking status, and cardiovascular health.
- Cardiovascular risk assessed using the INTERHEART Modifiable Risk Score (IHMRS).
Main Results:
- Smokers (63%) had significantly higher IHMRS scores (29.95 ± 3.10) than non-smokers (37%) (26.85 ± 2.90).
- Cardiovascular risk factors correlated with smoking intensity (cigarettes/day) and duration.
- History of CVD and family history of CVD were linked to smoking intensity and duration.
Conclusions:
- Smoking is a significant contributor to elevated cardiovascular risk in Pakistan.
- Smokers face substantially higher cardiovascular risks than non-smokers.
- Public health initiatives, including smoking cessation programs, are crucial for reducing CVD burden.
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