An update on antimicrobial selection and duration for intra-abdominal infections

Intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) pose significant challenges to clinicians. The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms with evolving resistance patterns adds to the difficulty in managing IAIs.

This review synthesizes the latest evidence and recommendations from major global guidelines. Key topics include novel antimicrobial agents, empirical and targeted therapy strategies, and the role of antimicrobial stewardship in optimizing antibiotic use. Furthermore, advances in diagnostic tools, such as metagenomic next-generation sequencing and rapid resistance detection assays, are highlighted. Updates in therapy duration, emphasizing shorter courses guided by biomarkers and source control, are critically analyzed.

The management of IAIs has advanced significantly, with updated guidelines highlighting the importance of early and appropriate antimicrobial therapy tailored to the infection's severity and resistance patterns, along with effective source control. Novel antibiotics such as ceftolozane-tazobactam, ceftazidime-avibactam, imipenem-relebactam, eravacycline, and cefiderocol have broadened treatment options for MDR pathogens. Shorter antibiotic courses, guided by source control and biomarkers, have shown to be as effective as traditional longer regimens. Future research should focus on understanding of global resistance patterns, expanding real-world evidence for novel antibiotics, refining biomarker-guided strategies, enhancing rapid diagnostics, and applying artificial intelligence for more personalized and precise management of IAIs.