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Development of Charged Polyampholyte Interfaces: Synthesis, Properties, and Antifouling Application.

Anashwara Babu1, Gomathi Sivakumar1, Minjae Kim2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.

ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
|October 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers explored charged polyampholytes to prevent bacterial biofilms on hydroxyapatite (HA) bone implants. A specific polyampholyte coating (HAP3) significantly reduced bacterial adhesion and protein adsorption, showing promise for medical applications.

Keywords:
RAFT polymerizationStreptococcus mutansantifouling coatinghydroxyapatitepolyampholytes

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Biocompatible hydroxyapatite (HA) is crucial for dental and bone tissue regeneration but is susceptible to pathogenic biofilms, a major cause of infections.
  • Zwitterionic polymers are known for antifouling properties, but charged polyampholytes remain under-explored for preventing microbial adhesion on biomaterials.
  • Polyampholytes, synthesized from monomers with opposite charges, offer tunable surface properties (neutral, cationic, anionic) for potential antifouling applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize charged polyampholytes with tunable surface charges using Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) polymerization.
  • To coat hydroxyapatite (HA) discs with these polyampholytes and evaluate their antifouling capabilities against bacterial adhesion.
  • To assess the biocompatibility and protein adsorption resistance of the modified HA surfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Charged polyampholytes were synthesized via RAFT polymerization using cationic [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (MAETMA) and anionic sodium-p-vinylbenzenesulfonate (VBS).
  • Hydroxyapatite (HA) discs were coated with polyampholytes to create surfaces (HAP1-HAP5) with systematically varied net charges.
  • Bacterial adhesion studies using Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and protein adsorption assays were performed, alongside cytotoxicity tests with NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells.

Main Results:

  • Cytotoxicity assessments confirmed the biocompatibility of the polymer-coated HA surfaces.
  • The HAP1-HAP5 surfaces exhibited systematically tuned net charges from fully positive to fully negative.
  • The HAP3 surface demonstrated the least bacterial adhesion and superior resistance to protein adsorption compared to uncoated HA, indicating effective antifouling properties.

Conclusions:

  • Charged polyampholytes can be effectively synthesized and coated onto HA surfaces to create antifouling biomaterials.
  • The HAP3 coating, with its specific charge profile, significantly inhibited S. mutans adhesion and protein adsorption.
  • These findings highlight the potential of tunable charged polyampholytes as a promising strategy to combat biofilm formation on HA-based medical implants.