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Related Concept Videos

UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell. Samples for...
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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

How to Administer Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Critically ill Neonates, Infants, and Children
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Detecting Awareness in the Intensive Care Unit Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

Karnig Kazazian1,2, Jack de Jeu1,3, Androu Abdalmalak2

  • 1Western Institute of Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada.

Annals of Neurology
|October 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy detected covert awareness in 25% of brain-injured patients unable to follow commands. This neuroimaging technique may improve care decisions by revealing hidden consciousness.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Assessing awareness in critically ill patients with acute brain injury is crucial for guiding treatment decisions.
  • Bedside neurological examinations may fail to detect awareness in some patients.
  • Covert awareness refers to preserved consciousness not evident through behavioral responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the utility of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in identifying covert awareness.
  • To assess brain activity in acute brain-injured patients who cannot follow commands.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective, cross-sectional study of 32 intensive care unit patients with acute brain injury.
  • Patients were assessed using the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised and found unable to follow commands.
  • fNIRS was used to detect brain activity during a mental imagery task (imagining playing tennis).

Main Results:

  • Eight out of 32 patients (25%) demonstrated covert awareness by modulating brain activity during the mental imagery task.
  • No association was found between covert awareness and 3-month functional outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended).

Conclusions:

  • fNIRS successfully detected preserved consciousness in 25% of patients lacking behavioral command following.
  • Advanced neuroimaging techniques like fNIRS may enhance clinical assessments in critical care.
  • Accurate awareness assessment is vital for informed goals-of-care decisions in severe brain injury.