Neuroanatomical and Functional Correlates in Depressive Spectrum: A Narrative Review

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Psychiatry

Background:

• Depressive spectrum disorders are highly prevalent globally.
• Distinguishing between major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) relies on symptom duration and intensity.
• Understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of depression is crucial for public health.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive summary of neuroanatomical dysfunctions in depressive disorders.
• To highlight alterations in specific brain regions and neural networks.
• To explore neurophysiological markers associated with depression.

Main Methods:

• Review of neuroanatomical dysfunctions in the literature.
• Focus on key brain areas: anterior/medial cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex (dorsolateral, ventromedial), posterior parietal cortex, insula, amygdala, and hippocampus.
• Analysis of neural network alterations (default mode network, executive control network, salience network) and neurophysiological markers (frontal alpha asymmetries, front-striatal metabolism).

Main Results:

• Identified dysfunctions in specific brain regions including the cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, insula, amygdala, and hippocampus.
• Observed hyperconnectivity in the default mode network (DMN).
• Noted impairment in the executive control network (ECN) and dysfunction in the salience network.
• Revealed frontal alpha asymmetries and front-striatal metabolic alterations.

Conclusions:

• Neural correlates of depressive disorders are complex, involving specific brain regions and networks.
• Studying these neural markers is essential for advancing our understanding of the depressive spectrum.
• Findings support the development of personalized therapeutic interventions, including neurostimulation and targeted pharmacology.