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Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

Diagnosing Colour Vision Deficiencies Using Eye Movements (Without Dedicated Eye-Tracking Hardware).

Aryaman Taore^1,2, Gabriel Lobo¹, Philip R K Turnbull^1,2

¹School of Optometry & Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.

Journal of Eye Movement Research

|October 28, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new tablet-based eye movement test effectively diagnoses red-green colour vision deficiencies. This method shows high accuracy and offers a practical, accessible alternative to traditional diagnostic tools.

Keywords:

colour vision eye tracking optokinetic nystagmus

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Last Updated: Jan 13, 2026

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A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

Published on: July 9, 2016

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Vision Science
Medical Technology

Background:

Colour vision deficiency (CVD) diagnosis traditionally relies on subjective tests.
Existing methods can be time-consuming and require specialized equipment.
There is a need for accessible and objective diagnostic tools.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate a novel diagnostic test for colour vision deficiencies.
The test utilizes reflexive eye movements captured by an unmodified tablet.
To assess the efficacy of tablet-based eye-tracking for CVD diagnosis.

Main Methods:

A cross-sectional study involved 33 participants (23 controls, 8 deuteranopes, 2 protanopes).
Eye movements were recorded using an Apple iPad Pro's eye-tracking feature in response to visual stimuli.
Automated analysis estimated the red-green equiluminant point and equivalent luminance contrast.

Main Results:

The novel test achieved a sensitivity of 90.0% and a specificity of 91.30% in classifying colour vision status.
Estimates of the red-green equiluminant point and equivalent luminance contrast correlated with CVD diagnosis.
The method demonstrated high accuracy in differentiating between normal and deficient colour vision.

Conclusions:

The tablet-based eye movement test is effective for diagnosing colour vision deficiencies.
This novel approach presents a practical and cost-effective alternative to conventional diagnostic methods.
The test's objectivity and ease of use enhance accessibility, particularly for pediatric populations.