Preventive Immunology for Livestock and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in the One Health Era: From Mechanistic Insights...

Preventive immunology is emerging as a cornerstone of animal infectious disease control within One Health, shifting emphasis from treatment to prevention. This review integrates mechanistic insights in host immunity with a comparative evaluation of next-generation interventions-mRNA/DNA and viral-vector vaccines, nanovaccines, monoclonal antibodies, cytokine modulators, probiotics/postbiotics, bacteriophages, and CRISPR-based approaches-highlighting their immunogenicity, thermostability, delivery, and field readiness. Distinct from prior reviews, we appraise diagnostics as preventive tools (point-of-care assays, biosensors, MALDI-TOF MS, AI-enabled analytics) that enable early detection, risk prediction, and targeted interventions, and we map quantifiable links between successful prevention and reduced antimicrobial use. We embed translation factors-regulatory alignment, scalable manufacturing, workforce capacity, equitable access in LMICs, and public trust-alongside environmental and zoonotic interfaces that shape antimicrobial resistance dynamics. We also provide a critical analysis of limitations and failure cases: gene editing may require stacked edits and concurrent vaccination; phage programs must manage host range, resistance, stability, and regulation; and probiotic benefits remain context-specific. Finally, we present a risk-benefit-readiness framework and a time-bound research agenda to guide deployment and evaluation across animal-human-environmental systems. Coordinating scientific innovation with governance and ethics can measurably reduce disease burden, curb antimicrobial consumption, and improve health outcomes across species.