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Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation
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Thymoquinone Protective Effect Against Mercury-Induced Reproductive Derangement in Rats: In Vivo and In Silico

Solomon Owumi1, Moses Otunla2, Pelumi Akindipe1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Toxics
|October 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Thymoquinone (TQ) supplementation mitigated mercury chloride (HgCl2)-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. However, TQ did not improve sperm parameters, though it modulated reproductive hormone levels and protected against apoptosis.

Keywords:
anti-inflammatoryantioxidantapoptosismercury chloridereproductive toxicitythymoquinone

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Toxicology
  • Environmental Health
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Mercury chloride (HgCl2) exposure is a known risk factor for male infertility, potentially through oxidative and inflammatory pathways.
  • Thymoquinone (TQ), a natural compound, exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting a potential protective role against HgCl2 toxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the protective effects of Thymoquinone (TQ) against mercury chloride (HgCl2)-induced reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats.
  • To evaluate the impact of TQ on oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and reproductive hormone levels in HgCl2-exposed rats.

Main Methods:

  • Male rats were exposed to HgCl2 and co-treated with varying doses of TQ for 28 days.
  • Evaluated parameters included body and organ weights, sperm function and morphology, serum reproductive hormones (FSH, LH, testosterone, prolactin), testicular enzyme activities, antioxidant status (CAT, SOD, GSH, etc.), oxidative/nitrosative stress markers (RONS, LPO, PC, XO), inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α, NO, IL-1β, MPO), and apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, p53).
  • Molecular docking simulations were employed to predict TQ's interaction with key signaling pathways (PPAR-α/δ, NF-kB, Nrf-2).

Main Results:

  • TQ co-treatment preserved body and organ weights but did not improve sperm parameters in HgCl2-exposed rats.
  • TQ modulated reproductive hormone levels, increased testicular enzyme activities, and significantly enhanced antioxidant defense mechanisms while reducing oxidative stress and inflammation markers.
  • TQ administration reduced HgCl2-induced apoptosis by altering Bax, Bcl-2, and p53 protein levels, with a higher TQ dose showing greater efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Thymoquinone demonstrates significant protective effects against HgCl2-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats by combating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.
  • TQ's therapeutic potential is linked to its ability to modulate hormonal balance and activate antioxidant pathways, as supported by molecular docking simulations.
  • TQ supplementation may serve as a viable strategy to mitigate chemical-induced reproductive toxicities.