Optical genome mapping in myelofibrosis: enhancing prognostic accuracy through high-resolution genomic profiling

Accurate genomic stratification is essential for guiding therapeutic decisions in myelofibrosis (MF), particularly regarding allogeneic stem cell transplant. Conventional chromosome banding analysis (CBA), however, has limited resolution and provides an informative karyotype in only about half of patients with MF. In a prospective series of 107 patients with primary or secondary MF, we compared optical genome mapping (OGM) plus targeted next-generation sequencing with CBA. OGM generated interpretable cytogenetic data for every sample, whereas CBA succeeded in fewer than half. In addition, OGM revealed structurally complex alterations and copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity that conventional methods missed. Integration of OGM results into contemporary prognostic models, including DIPSS-plus, GIPSS, and MIPSS70-plus version 2.0 (MIPSS70v2), refined risk allocation across the cohort. The greatest impact was observed for the transplant-oriented MIPSS70v2: the proportion of patients assigned to high-risk or very-high-risk categories increased from 19% with CBA alone to 36% after incorporating OGM findings. Incorporation of OGM data enabled full risk stratification of all 57 individuals with nonevaluable CBA karyotypes; 16 were assigned directly to the high-risk or very high MIPSS70v2 risk categories, a reclassification with immediate implications for transplant referral and follow-up intensity. This study represents the largest prospective evaluation of OGM in MF, demonstrating that OGM overcomes the limitations of CBA, uncovers clinically relevant cryptic alterations, and refines prognostic stratification. These findings support integrating OGM with targeted sequencing as a step toward precision medicine in MF.