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Updated: May 1, 2026

Multicellular Human Alveolar Model Composed of Epithelial Cells and Primary Immune Cells for Hazard Assessment
Published on: May 6, 2020
Breathing under siege: a narrative review on the potential biological mechanisms linking micro- and nanoplastic
Vipula Bataduwaarachchi1,2, Leon Gerard D'Cruz1,3, Thomas Brown1
1Department of Research & Innovation, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Lancaster House, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Cosham, Portsmouth PO6 3LY, United Kingdom.
Abstract:
Atmospheric microplastics and nanoplastics (MPs/NPs) have become an increasing concern, with health impacts that remain insufficiently characterised and measured. Indoor airborne MP/NPs have raised greater alarm due to their origins in routine domestic activities and sources such as synthetic textiles, bed linen, face masks, electric dryers, and household laundry, posing a high inhalation risk that can lead to serious health consequences. These particles can enter the human body through various routes, with inhalation being the main pathway for both short- and long-term health effects. Additionally, they are engulfed by epithelial and immune cells, causing multiple pathological effects on the lungs, which can subsequently lead to or contribute to various disease entities. This narrative review thoroughly explores potential cellular, genetic, and immunological mechanisms by which MP/NPs impact the respiratory system, emphasising immune mediators and cytosolic pathways involved, and linking these mechanisms to various pulmonary diseases.
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