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Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction01:22

Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction

562
Introduction:Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) describes a swift decrease in kidney function occurring over hours to days, characterized by the kidneys' failure to remove waste products from the bloodstream. This leads to dangerous complications like metabolic acidosis, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances, such as hyperkalemia, which can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. AKI is common in both hospital and outpatient settings, often triggered by dehydration, sepsis, or exposure to nephrotoxic...
562
Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology01:29

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

870
Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...
870
Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

256
Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
256
Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations01:29

Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations

804
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) progresses through distinct clinical phases: the oliguric, diuretic, and recovery phases, each marked by unique manifestations and challenges.Oliguric Phase:The oliguric phase is the initial stage of AKI, typically lasting 10 to 14 days. This phase is marked by a significant reduction in urine output, usually less than 400 mL per day, indicating decreased kidney function. Fluid retention is a prominent feature, leading to symptoms such as edema, hypertension, and...
804
Acute Kidney Injury V: Interprofessional Care01:20

Acute Kidney Injury V: Interprofessional Care

294
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) requires a collaborative healthcare approach to restore renal function and prevent complications. Essential management strategies involve monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance, adjusting medications, initiating dialysis when necessary, and providing nutritional support.Fluid and Electrolyte ManagementFluid Monitoring: Regularly monitoring body weight, central venous pressure, and urine output helps detect fluid imbalances early. Patient intake and output are...
294
Acute Kidney Injury VI: Nursing Management01:22

Acute Kidney Injury VI: Nursing Management

377
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) results in an inability to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. Effective nursing management is critical in improving patient outcomes and includes comprehensive patient assessment and targeted interventions.Comprehensive Patient AssessmentA detailed history collection is essential, focusing on any recent infections, nephrotoxic medication use, or chronic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes that may contribute to AKI. During the physical...
377

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Technical Refinement of a Bilateral Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Mouse Model for Acute Kidney Injury Research
03:13

Technical Refinement of a Bilateral Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Mouse Model for Acute Kidney Injury Research

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Exploring the Link Between Intravenous Methocarbamol and Acute Kidney Injury.

Matthew Li1,2, Avery Wilson3, Phillip Dudley4

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, USA.

Journal of Pharmacy Practice
|October 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Intravenous methocarbamol, a muscle relaxant, did not show significant kidney injury markers in critically ill patients. This study found no change in serum creatinine levels, even without a drug-free interval, suggesting potential safety in ICU settings.

Keywords:
critical carenephrologypain management

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Methocarbamol is an IV skeletal muscle relaxant used in critical care.
  • IV methocarbamol contains polyethylene glycol (PEG) 300 and propylene glycol (PG), linked to acute kidney injury (AKI).
  • Current guidelines recommend a 72-hour limit followed by a 48-hour drug-free interval (DFI) to minimize AKI risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence of AKI in intensive care unit (ICU) patients receiving IV methocarbamol.
  • To evaluate the impact of IV methocarbamol on serum creatinine (SCr) levels in critically ill patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective, single-center study of adult trauma or surgical ICU patients.
  • Inclusion criteria: at least 3 consecutive doses of IV methocarbamol.
  • Primary outcome: difference in SCr from day 1 to day 7 post-initiation, analyzing cohorts with and without DFI.

Main Results:

  • 68 patients met inclusion criteria; 4 were in the non-DFI group.
  • No statistically significant difference in median SCr levels was observed from day 1 to day 7 in the entire cohort (P = 0.55).
  • No significant SCr difference was found in patients without a DFI (P = 0.84).

Conclusions:

  • Critically ill patients receiving IV methocarbamol showed no statistically significant change in SCr over time.
  • The use of a drug-free interval did not appear to impact SCr levels in this patient population.
  • Findings suggest IV methocarbamol may be safely administered without a mandatory DFI in select ICU patients, warranting further investigation.