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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Augment Motor Imagery Training: A Systematic Review.

Judith Bek1,2, Amna Aziz1, Nuala Brady1

  • 1School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

The European Journal of Neuroscience
|October 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Combining motor imagery training (MIT) with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may enhance motor performance in healthy individuals. However, results for stroke patients using brain-computer interfaces are less clear, requiring further investigation.

Keywords:
brain‐computer interfacemental practicemotor imageryneurorehabilitationneurostimulationtranscranial direct current stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Rehabilitation Science
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Motor imagery training (MIT) is a key technique for motor learning and recovery.
  • Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method shown to enhance motor performance and neuroplasticity.
  • Combining MIT and tDCS is being explored to optimize motor rehabilitation outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the evidence on the synergistic effects of combining MIT with tDCS.
  • To focus specifically on the impact of this combined intervention on behavioral outcomes.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of combined MIT and tDCS in both healthy and clinical populations.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of 16 studies.
  • Inclusion of 432 participants across healthy and clinical groups.
  • Analysis of behavioral outcomes from combined MIT and tDCS interventions.

Main Results:

  • Mixed results were observed due to heterogeneous study methods and populations.
  • Anodal tDCS over the primary motor cortex may enhance MIT effects on motor performance in healthy individuals.
  • Evidence for combined tDCS and MIT benefits in stroke patients using brain-computer interfaces (BCI) was less conclusive.

Conclusions:

  • The combination of anodal tDCS and MIT shows potential for improving motor performance in healthy populations.
  • Further research with larger sample sizes and standardized methodologies is needed to clarify benefits for clinical populations, particularly stroke patients in BCI protocols.
  • Future studies should investigate both behavioral and neurophysiological outcomes, as well as long-term synergistic effects.