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A (Bite) Force to Be Reckoned With.

Myra F Laird1, Megan A Holmes2, Claire E Terhune3

  • 1Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

American Journal of Biological Anthropology
|October 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Estimating primate bite force requires careful consideration of physiological and mechanical methods. This study synthesizes macaque bite force data, proposing a bracketing approach for more reliable estimates.

Keywords:
craniodentalmuscleprimate

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Area of Science:

  • Primate functional morphology
  • Biological anthropology
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Maximum bite force estimates in primates vary widely, spanning hundreds of newtons.
  • Understanding primate bite force is crucial for biological anthropology and functional morphology studies.
  • Existing methods for assessing bite force in primates lack standardization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss definitions of maximum bite force.
  • To review and highlight variability in primate bite force assessment methods.
  • To compare bite force ranges in macaques, bracketing estimates between physiological and mechanical maxima.

Main Methods:

  • Gathered methods for estimating primate bite force from existing literature.
  • Collected published maximum bite force estimates specifically for macaques (Macaca sp.).
  • Grouped bite force estimation methods into in vivo, muscle-based, and craniodental categories.

Main Results:

  • Maximum bite force can be defined physiologically (natural conditions) or mechanically (ignoring limitations).
  • Published macaque molar bite forces range from 127 N to 898 N (a 771 N range).
  • A bracketing approach narrows estimated macaque bite force ranges to 487-503 N (incisors) and 503-898 N (molars).

Conclusions:

  • Emphasizes the need for comparative studies of in vivo, muscle-based, and craniodental bite force methods in primates.
  • Proposes bracketing bite force estimates between physiological and mechanical maxima for improved reliability.
  • Aims to enhance understanding of how bite force relates to primate functional morphology and feeding ecology.