Advancing Aortic Dissection Imaging: First Clinical Experience of Photon-Counting CT with Ultra-Fast Spectral Imaging

Background: Computed tomography (CT) is the standard of reference for diagnosis and follow-up in aortic dissection (AD). Localizing the entry and identifying false and true lumen are as important as differing post-treatment changes from contrast media extravasations. Photon-counting detector CT (PCDCT) allows for virtual monoenergetic (VME) reconstructions, which can augment contrast media effects on lower energy levels, and for virtual non-contrast (VNC) reconstructions. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of VME reconstructions on contrast media effects in different dissection compartments as well as compare true and VNC series in AD patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed PCDCT datasets from 28 patients with aortic dissections, with different dissection types and different treatment statuses. Attenuation and standard deviation values of the ascending and descending aorta, as well as CT values of the false lumen, were measured. These measurements were obtained from VME images at energy levels ranging from 40 to 190 keV in 10 keV increments, as well as from non-contrast (NC) and VNC reconstructions. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was calculated. Additionally, subjective values for dissection assessability and native aspects of the images were acquired for different reconstructions. Results: CT values decreased with higher energy levels in VME imaging. Ascending aorta showed higher attenuation values than descending aorta, which was higher than false lumen (e.g., at 70 keV ascending 357 [310; 419] HU, descending 346 [305; 401] HU and false lumen 298 [248; 363] HU). These differences increased on lower VME reconstructions with statistical significance for the comparisons of ascending and descending aorta with the false lumen on all energy levels. In line with this, SNR showed highest values for ascending aorta compared to descending aorta and false lumen on all energy levels. For NC comparisons, VNC and VME at 190 keV reconstructions showed higher CT values than NC reconstructions (e.g., overall data NC 48 [42; 55] HU, VNC 66 [57; 73] HU, 190 keV 97 [89; 105] HU). Subjective ratings were worse with VNC than with NC images. Conclusions: VME reconstructions on lower energy levels can be helpful in differentiating between true and false lumen in aortic dissections.