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Increased CX3CL1/CX3CR1 Axis Is Related to Atherosclerosis in Subjects with Familial Combined Hyperlipidaemia, Which

Elena Jiménez-Martí1,2, Clara Espinosa-Bellido3, Blanca Alabadi2,3

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.

Biomedicines
|October 29, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Familial combined hyperlipidaemia (FCH) patients show increased CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis activation, linked to insulin resistance and higher cardiovascular risk. This inflammatory pathway is not influenced by sex.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Immunology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Atherosclerosis development is driven by chronic inflammation.
  • The CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis is implicated in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
  • Limited data exist on the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis in familial combined hyperlipidaemia (FCH).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis alterations in FCH patients.
  • To evaluate the influence of insulin resistance (IR) and sex on this axis in FCH.
  • To correlate FCH, CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis, IR, and cardiovascular risk.

Main Methods:

  • Compared 47 FCH patients with 38 controls.
  • Measured plasma lipids, glucose, insulin, circulating CX3CL1, and CX3CR1 mRNA.
  • Assessed carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and atheroma plaques.

Main Results:

  • FCH subjects exhibited significantly higher CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis activation than controls.
  • FCH patients with IR showed worse inflammation, higher carotid IMT, and more plaques.
  • Sex did not influence CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis activation.

Conclusions:

  • FCH patients display an elevated CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis.
  • This axis activation positively correlates with IR in FCH but not sex.
  • Findings may explain the heightened cardiovascular event risk in FCH.

Keywords:
CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axisatherosclerosisfamilial combined hyperlipidaemiainflammationinsulin resistance

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