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Updated: May 3, 2026

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Antioxidants in Cardiovascular Health: Implications for Disease Modeling Using Cardiac Organoids.

Gracious R Ross1, Ivor J Benjamin1

  • 1Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
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Summary

Oxidative stress damages heart cells, contributing to cardiovascular disease. This review explores antioxidant therapies and innovative models for better heart disease treatment.

Keywords:
antioxidantsbiomarkerscardiac organoidsdisease modelingdrug developmentheart diseasehuman iPSCspreclinicalredox homeostasisreductive stress

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cardiovascular disease is a leading global cause of death.
  • Oxidative stress, an imbalance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses, is central to cardiovascular pathology.
  • ROS damage cardiac cells, including cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages, leading to heart failure, fibrosis, and atherosclerosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of oxidative stress on various cardiac cell types.
  • To evaluate current and emerging antioxidant therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular disease.
  • To highlight innovative technologies for understanding and treating oxidative stress-related heart conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease.
  • Analysis of natural and synthetic antioxidant therapeutic approaches.
  • Examination of novel strategies like targeted delivery, pathway activation, and 3D organoid models.

Main Results:

  • Oxidative stress impairs cardiomyocyte function, promotes fibroblast fibrosis, and exacerbates macrophage-driven inflammation.
  • Antioxidant therapies show promise in preclinical models but yield inconsistent results in clinical trials.
  • Challenges in clinical translation include identifying effective biomarkers and optimizing delivery methods.

Conclusions:

  • Targeted antioxidant delivery, endogenous pathway activation, and advanced disease models like 3D organoids offer improved therapeutic efficacy.
  • Innovative technologies, including lab-grown heart tissue, enhance understanding of oxidative stress mechanisms in heart disease.
  • These advancements bridge research and personalized medicine, improving diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease.