A Review on Low-Dimensional Nanoarchitectonics for Neurochemical Sensing and Modulation in Responsive Neurological...

Low-Dimensional Nanohybrids (LDNHs) have emerged as potent multifunctional platforms for neurosensing and neuromodulation, providing elevated spatial-temporal precision, versatility, and biocompatibility. This review examines the intersection of LDNHs with artificial intelligence, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), and closed-loop neurotechnologies, highlighting their transformative potential in personalized neuro-nano-medicine. Utilizing stimuli-responsive characteristics, optical, thermal, magnetic, and electrochemical LDNHs provide real-time feedback-controlled manipulation of brain circuits. Their pliable and adaptable structures surpass the constraints of inflexible bioelectronics, improving the neuronal interface and reducing tissue damage. We also examined their use in less invasive neurological diagnostics, targeted therapy, and adaptive intervention systems. This review delineates recent breakthroughs, integration methodologies, and fundamental mechanisms, while addressing significant challenges such as long-term biocompatibility, deep-tissue accessibility, and scalable manufacturing. A strategic plan is provided to direct future research toward clinical use. Ultimately, LDNHs signify a transformative advancement in intelligent, tailored, and closed-loop neurotechnologies, integrating materials science, neurology, and artificial intelligence to facilitate the next era of precision medicine.