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Cleavage and Blastulation

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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Protocol for Human Blastoids Modeling Blastocyst Development and Implantation

Protocol for Human Blastoids Modeling Blastocyst Development and Implantation

Published on: August 10, 2022

Human Blastoid: A Next-Generation Model for Reproductive Medicine?

Anfisa S Ryabchenko¹, Vepa K Abdyev¹, Ekaterina A Vorotelyak¹

¹Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.

|October 29, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Synthetic embryology offers a novel way to study early human development using stem cells, creating synthetic embryo systems (SES) as alternatives to natural embryos. These blastoid models show promise for research and improving assisted reproductive technologies.

Keywords:

ART (assisted reproductive technology)blastocyst-like structures blastoid implantation model pluripotent stem cells self-organization synthetic embryology

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Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Stem Cell Biology
Reproductive Medicine

Background:

Human early embryogenesis research is limited by embryo access.
Current embryo assessment in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) is subjective.
Animal models poorly represent human embryonic development.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore synthetic embryology as a model for human early development.
To evaluate synthetic embryo systems (SES) as alternatives to natural embryos.
To discuss blastoids as models for human blastocysts.

Main Methods:

Review of synthetic embryology approaches.
Analysis of diploid pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for SES creation.
Examination of blastoid structures and their simulation capabilities.

Main Results:

Synthetic embryo systems (SES) are created using PSCs without germ cells.
SES offer potential for objective embryo qualification and personalized ART.
Blastoids are human blastocyst-like structures used as research models.

Conclusions:

Synthetic embryology and blastoids provide promising alternatives for studying early human development.
Further modifications are needed for blastoid models to fully simulate human blastocysts.
SES hold potential for advancing fundamental research and clinical applications in ART.