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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

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Method and Instrumented Fixture for Femoral Fracture Testing in a Sideways Fall-on-the-Hip Position

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Published on: August 17, 2017

The Optimal Fibular Strut Bone Graft Fixation Angle for Unstable Proximal Humerus Fractures: A Finite Element

Hyun Seok Song¹, Hui-Gyeong Gong², Hyun-Ju Lee³

¹Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Republic of Korea.

Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)

|October 29, 2025

Summary

Adding a fibular strut bone graft to locking plate fixation can improve stability in proximal humerus fractures. Oblique insertion (30°) of the graft may offer biomechanical advantages under traction forces compared to 0° insertion.

Keywords:

fibular strut graft finite element analysis locking plate fixation proximal humerus fracture

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Published on: April 11, 2012

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Published on: April 11, 2012

Area of Science:

Orthopedic surgery
Biomechanical engineering
Trauma research

Background:

Fibular strut bone grafts enhance locking plate fixation for proximal humerus fractures.
These grafts aim to improve stability and prevent varus collapse.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the biomechanical characteristics of different fibular strut graft insertion angles.
Investigate graft and plate stress under various loading conditions using finite element analysis (FEA).

Main Methods:

Simulated proximal humerus fractures with metaphyseal comminution and instability.
Created 3D finite element models from CT images with a 90 mm locking compression plate.
Applied axial and traction forces to models with fibular allografts inserted at 0° and 30°.

Main Results:

Lower stresses on the plate and graft at 0° insertion under axial loads.
Reduced plate stress with 30° insertion under traction loads.
Lower graft stress with 30° insertion in most valgus and varus models.

Conclusions:

Oblique insertion (30°) of fibular strut grafts may provide biomechanical benefits.
This angle appears advantageous under traction forces in unstable proximal humerus fractures.