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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Regulatory Mechanisms and Functional Roles of Readthrough Transcripts in Tumorigenesis.

Alexander Modestov1, Galina Zakharova1, Elena Poddubskaya1

  • 1Institute for Personalized Oncology, Biomedical Science & Technology Park, FSAEI HE I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of MOH of Russia (Sechenovskiy University), 119991 Moscow, Russia.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Readthrough transcripts, also known as downstream-of-gene (DoG) transcripts, show promise as novel cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Further research into their regulatory roles and detection methods could advance personalized cancer treatments.

Keywords:
DoGNGSRNA sequencingcancer progressioncis-SAGecis-splicing of adjacent gene transcriptsdownstream-of-gene transcriptsfusion cancer transcriptsgene readthroughpatient prognosis and survival biomarkers

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Novel tumor-specific markers and therapeutic targets are crucial for personalized cancer treatment.
  • Readthrough transcripts (downstream-of-gene or DoG transcripts) are emerging as a potential source of these biomarkers.
  • These transcripts extend into intergenic regions and can have regulatory functions or yield novel protein products.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the regulatory mechanisms and functional significance of readthrough transcripts in tumors.
  • To identify tumor-specific readthrough variants for cancer biomarker and therapeutic target development.
  • To evaluate optimal detection approaches for these novel transcripts.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of existing studies on readthrough transcripts.
  • Bioinformatic analysis of transcriptomic data (details not specified in abstract).
  • Comparative analysis of detection methodologies for RNA transcripts.

Main Results:

  • Readthrough transcripts can function beyond transcriptional noise, exhibiting regulatory roles.
  • They have been implicated as prognostic markers in various cancers.
  • Specific tumor-associated readthrough variants hold potential as biomarkers or therapeutic targets.

Conclusions:

  • Readthrough transcripts represent a promising area for discovering novel cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
  • Understanding their function and developing effective detection methods are key next steps.
  • This research may inform the development of new diagnostic tools and anticancer drugs.