The Consequences of DNA Damage in the Early Embryo Are Important for Practical Procedures in Assisted Reproduction

The maintenance of gene integrity is important for all types of cells, but, in the case of early embryonic cells, it is absolutely essential. This is because it influences not only the further development of the embryo but also, in some respects, the offspring. The occurrence and incorrect repair of cellular abnormalities after DNA damage during this period are the primary causes of fetal developmental disorders. If DNA damage occurs in germ cells or the fertilized oocyte and the DNA lesions are not satisfactorily repaired, this can lead to the occurrence of chromosomal aberrations during early embryogenesis and eventually to genetic instability during embryonic development. This developmental ability is related to the level of the DNA damage. Therefore, examining the events related to DNA damage response at the sub-cellular levels is of the utmost importance. In this context, subcellular diagnostics of such events during the selection of embryos with the highest implantation potential applied in the practice of assisted human reproduction are key to successful outcomes. It is important to apply new relevant knowledge from basic research to clinical practice, as well as considering new technical possibilities or trends in this area. The aim of this review is to provide a general overview of the molecular events associated with DNA damage in the early embryo and to outline the possible use of this basic knowledge in assisted reproduction procedures.