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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
Published on: October 15, 2019
Microbiome and Long COVID-19: Current Evidence and Insights
Olga A Caliman-Sturdza1,2, Sevag Hamamah3, Oana C Iatcu1
1College of Medicine and Biological Science, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania.
Long COVID, or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, is linked to gut and oral microbiome changes. Restoring microbial balance offers a promising therapeutic strategy for managing long COVID symptoms.
Area of Science:
- Microbiology
- Immunology
- Gastroenterology
Background:
- Long COVID (post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection) presents persistent multi-systemic symptoms.
- Gut and oral microbiota alterations are increasingly implicated in long COVID pathogenesis.
- Dysbiosis may contribute to inflammation and affect gut-brain/gut-lung axes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the role of gut and oral microbiota in long COVID.
- To highlight microbial biomarkers for long COVID.
- To discuss microbiome-targeted therapeutic strategies.
Main Methods:
- Literature synthesis on gut and oral microbiota in long COVID.
- Analysis of microbial signatures associated with symptom clusters.
- Review of proposed pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.
Main Results:
- Long COVID patients show reduced microbial diversity and depletion of beneficial SCFA-producing species.
- Pro-inflammatory taxa are enriched, potentially disrupting barrier integrity and sustaining inflammation.
- Microbial signatures correlate with specific symptom clusters (neuropsychiatric, respiratory, gastrointestinal).
Conclusions:
- Microbiota dysbiosis is a significant factor in long COVID.
- Mechanisms include impaired SCFA metabolism, microbial translocation, and immune interactions.
- Microbiome-targeted therapies show potential but require further research for efficacy and causality.
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