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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

In Situ Detection of Bacteria within Paraffin-embedded Tissues Using a Digoxin-labeled DNA Probe Targeting 16S rRNA
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Measuring the Invisible: Microbial Diagnostics for Periodontitis-A Narrative Review.

Michihiko Usui1, Suzuka Miyagi1,2, Rieko Yamanaka1

  • 1Division of Periodontology, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores advanced microbiological diagnostics for periodontitis, moving beyond traditional measures to assess bacterial load and activity. A hybrid approach combining quantitative panels, activity markers, and clinical data is proposed for personalized periodontal care.

Keywords:
ELISAenzymatic activity assayimmunochromatographymetagenomic analysismicroarraymicrobial diagnosticsperiodontitisreal-time PCR

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Area of Science:

  • Periodontology
  • Microbiology
  • Diagnostic Technologies

Background:

  • Periodontitis is a biofilm-driven inflammatory disease.
  • Conventional indices quantify tissue destruction but not infection biology.
  • Need for advanced diagnostics beyond probing depth, clinical attachment level, and radiographs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize microbiological diagnostic methods for periodontitis, from chairside tools to omics.
  • To outline sampling strategies and emphasize quantitative bacterial load monitoring.
  • To discuss limitations of current approaches and propose a hybrid strategy for personalized care.

Main Methods:

  • Review of enzymatic assays, immunological methods, and molecular platforms (qPCR, checkerboard hybridization, LAMP, microarrays).
  • Inclusion of complementary modalities like FISH, NGS, and FTIR spectroscopy.
  • Discussion of limitations including sampling bias, presence-activity discordance, and method biases.

Main Results:

  • Various diagnostic tools offer different resolutions (spatial, ecological, biochemical).
  • Current methods face challenges like semi-quantitation and lack of validated cutoffs.
  • A hybrid strategy integrating quantitative panels, activity, and host-response markers is feasible.

Conclusions:

  • A pragmatic hybrid strategy combining site-specific quantitative panels with activity and host-response markers is proposed.
  • Standardized quality assurance/quality control is crucial for interpreting results alongside clinical metrics.
  • Future priorities include outcome-linked thresholds, strain-aware panels, and harmonized protocols for personalized periodontal care.